Timpurile verbelor in engleza
Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane.
De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi.
Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past) si viitor(future).
Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu.
Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: simple, continue, perfecte sau continuu perfecte.
Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza
- Timp simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in timp.
- Timp continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune.
- Timp perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor
- Timp continuu perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment
In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc)
Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat.
Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat
Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva
Verbul in Engleza la Diateza Activa |
Actiunea e facuta de subiect
De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat:work - worked - worked
Iar verbul to fall (a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen
Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii:
I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc
My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa
Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si timpurile verbelor neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la verbul neregulat este ca cele trei cuvinte ex: fall, fell si fallen sunt diferite una fata de alta. Verbele neregulate nu au o regula de formare a celor trei, acestea trebuie memorate. Verbele regulate adauga ed la forma de baza (prima forma) in cazul formei numarul doi si trei.
To work = A munci (verb regulat)
Present Tense |
I work |
You work |
He works |
She works |
We work |
You work |
They work |
Present Continuous |
I am working |
You are working |
He is working |
She is working |
We are working |
You are working |
They are working |
Present Perfect |
I have worked |
You have worked |
He has worked |
She has worked |
We have worked |
You have worked |
They have worked |
Present Perfect Continuous |
I have been working |
You have been working |
He has been working |
She has been working |
We have been working |
You have been working |
They have been working |
Past Tense |
I worked |
You worked |
He worked |
She worked |
We worked |
You worked |
They worked |
Past Continuous |
I was working |
You were working |
He was working |
She was working |
We were working |
You were working |
They were working |
Past Perfect |
I had worked |
You had worked |
He had worked |
She had worked |
We had worked |
You had worked |
They had worked |
Past Perfect Continuous |
I had been working |
You had been working |
He had been working |
She had been working |
We had been working |
You had been working |
They had been working |
Future Tense |
I will work |
You will work |
He will work |
She will work |
We will work |
You will work |
They will work |
Future Continuous |
I will be working |
You will be working |
He will be working |
She will be working |
We will be working |
You will be working |
They will be working |
Future Perfect |
I will have worked |
You will have worked |
He will have worked |
She will have worked |
We will have worked |
You will have worked |
They will have worked |
Future Perfect Continuous |
I will have been working |
You will have been working |
He will have been working |
She will have been working |
We will have been working |
You will have been working |
They will have been working |
1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Prezent
Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp.
1.Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza | ||||||||
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2.Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza | ||||||||
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.
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1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu
Verbul exprima o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat de actiuni concrete.
1. Situatii in care timpul prezent din romana este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza | ||||
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2. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza | ||||
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1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent
1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect al limbii engleze | ||||
Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu). | ||||
2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect din limba engleza | ||||
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1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu
O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor.
1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din limba engleza | ||
E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in viitor. | ||
2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din engleza | ||
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1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut
Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.
1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza | ||
Adica, am muncit dar acum m-am oprit. | ||
2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza | ||
Atentie! Exista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti primul caz de mai sus sau binecunoscutul cantec pentru copii de mai jos.
Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu Past Tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect. Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala. |
1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu
Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece simultan cu un alt eveniment.
1. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Continuous din limba engleza | ||||||
Atentie: In cantecul de mai sus was walking este Past Continuous dar was taken nu este Past Continuous. I was taken inseamna am fost luat (este la Diateza Pasiva). Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la Past Continuous zici I was taking. | ||||||
2. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Continuous din engleza | ||||||
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1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni trecute.
1. Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Perfect din engleza | ||
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1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a carui urmari continua si azi.
1. Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza | ||||
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Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza | ||||
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Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul si/sau imperfectul din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza | ||||
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1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor
Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp.
1. Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza | ||||
Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus | ||||
2.Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza | ||||
Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be working
Un alt mod de a exprima viitorul e folosind to be going to - intentionez sa, am de gand sa
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1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor
She will be coming round the mountain when she comes | Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul muntelui |
1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect
Echivalentul lui voi fi lucrat
1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect Continuu
Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11 Future Continuous
Se traduce tot prin voi fi lucrat, si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulare
By 2020 he will have been working for 40 years | In 2020 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani |
Sus
Verbul in Engleza la Diateza Pasiva |
Actiunea e suportata de subiect. Diateza pasiva exista si in limba romana
De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (verb regulat: wash - washed - washed)
Eu spal rufele saptamanal (Diateza Activa) devine Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal (de mine)
2.1 I wash the laundry weekly - The laundry is washed weekly (by me).
2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now (by me).
2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me).
2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me).
2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday (by me).
2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed (by me).
2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed (by me).
2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed (by me).
2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed (by me).
2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed (by me).
2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me).
2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me).
Verbul auxiliar engleza | Diateza Pasiva< |